Determinants of Trends in Living Standards in Canada and the United States, 1989-2000

Download full PDF article

Abstract

This article examines why the Canada–U.S. living standards gap widened considerably in the 1990s. Using three measures—real GDP per capita, real personal income per capita, and real personal disposable income per capita—it shows Canadian living standards fell from 86 per cent of U.S. levels in 1989 to 78.5 per cent by 2000. The analysis decomposes growth rates into demographic, employment, and productivity components, finding that poor labour market performance drove divergence in 1989–96, while lagging productivity growth dominated from the mid-1990s onward. Since 1996, Canada’s growth rate has recovered but the income gap has remained substantial.

Download full PDF