--- canonical_url: "https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-36/structural-change-and-productivity-in-the-market-economy-of-mainland-norway-1997-2014/" title: "Structural Change and Productivity in the Market Economy of Mainland Norway: 1997-2014" author: name: "CSLS" url: "https://csls.ca/author/cslc/" date_published: "2026-07-13T07:52:48+00:00" date_modified: "2026-07-13T07:52:48+00:00" post_type: "ipm" summary: "" ipm_issue_period: - "Spring 2019" ipm_keyword: - "1997-2014" - "complementarity" - "ICT" - "intangibles" - "KLEMS" - "Norway" - "Norwegian KLEMS" - "productivity" - "R&D" - "skilled labour" - "structural change" ipm_research_theme: - "Productivity trends and comparisons" ipm_country_focus: - "Norway" - "Scandinavia" featured_image: "https://csls.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/IPM_50_banner.webp" status: "publish" --- # Structural Change and Productivity in the Market Economy of Mainland Norway: 1997-2014 Canonical URL: https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-36/structural-change-and-productivity-in-the-market-economy-of-mainland-norway-1997-2014/ # Structural Change and Productivity in the Market Economy of Mainland Norway: 1997-2014 [Download full PDF article](https://csls.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/IPM-Issue-36-5-Liu.pdf) Cite this article × Cite this article as: Liu, Gang. 2019. “Structural Change and Productivity in the Market Economy of Mainland Norway: 1997-2014.” International Productivity Monitor, No. 36 (Spring 2019): 79–109. https://www.csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-36/structural-change-and-productivity-in-the-market-economy-of-mainland-norway-1997-2014/ ## Author: - Gang Liu Statistics Norway ## IPM Issue 36 Spring 2019 pp. 79–109 ## Related IPM articles [The Relationship between Efficiencies Defenses for Mergers and TFP Growth Robin Shaban Fall 2025 | IPM Issue 49 | pp. 82–102](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-49/the-relationship-between-efficiencies-defenses-for-mergers-and-tfp-growth/) [Adult Skills and Productivity: New Evidence from PIAAC 2023 Dan Andrews, Balázs Égert, Christine de La Maisonneuve Fall 2025 | IPM Issue 49 | pp. 41–63](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-49/adult-skills-and-productivity-new-evidence-from-piaac-2023/) [The Potential Impact of Pro-competitive Regulatory Reforms on Productivity and Growth in Canada Gilbert Cette, Jimmy Lopez, Giuseppe Nicoletti, Océane Vernerey Fall 2025 | IPM Issue 49 | pp. 3–40](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-49/the-potential-impact-of-pro-competitive-regulatory-reforms-on-productivity-and-growth-in-canada/) [The Challenges of Productivity Measurement — Review Article on The Measure of Economies: Measuring Productivity in an Age of Technological Change Chad Syverson Spring 2025 | IPM Issue 48 | pp. 139–143](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-48/the-challenges-of-productivity-measurement-review-article-on-the-measure-of-economies-measuring-productivity-in-an-age-of-technological-change/) [Appendix: UK Productivity Growth Rates Across Data Vintages and Studies Josh Martin Spring 2025 | IPM Issue 48 | pp. 65–73](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-48/appendix-uk-productivity-growth-rates-across-data-vintages-and-studies/) [Opportunities and Risks of Artificial Intelligence for Productivity Francesco Filippucci, Peter Gal, Katharina Laengle, Matthias Schief, Filiz Unsal Spring 2025 | IPM Issue 48 | pp. 1–26](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-48/opportunities-and-risks-of-artificial-intelligence-for-productivity/) [Using Ecosystem Accounting to Integrate the Environment in Measures of Multifactor Productivity Carl Obst Fall 2024 | IPM Issue 47 | pp. 87–108](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-47/using-ecosystem-accounting-to-integrate-the-environment-in-measures-of-multifactor-productivity/) [Eroding Natural Capital: An Alternative Explanation for the Secular Decline in Productivity Growth Christina Caron Fall 2024 | IPM Issue 47 | pp. 109–147](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-47/eroding-natural-capital-an-alternative-explanation-for-the-secular-decline-in-productivity-growth/) [How Does Industrial Policy Impact Output, Hours and Productivity? The Canadian Experience Tim Sargent Fall 2024 | IPM Issue 47 | pp. 39–53](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-47/how-does-industrial-policy-impact-output-hours-and-productivity-the-canadian-experience/) [Climate Change and Productivity — An Exploration Dirk Pilat Fall 2024 | IPM Issue 47 | pp. 54–86](https://csls.ca/ipm-archive/ipm-issue-47/climate-change-and-productivity-an-exploration/) ## Abstract ## Résumé EN FR Copy link Email LinkedIn Based on a newly compiled Norwegian KLEMS database, this article investigates structural change and productivity in the market economy of mainland Norway for the 1997-2014 period. The findings largely confirm the general trends identified by many other studies. However, detailed sector analyses reveal substantial differences within both goods production and services sectors. In addition, an increased share of skilled labour in value added is found for the total market economy over the entire period, as well as for almost all the sectors, at least for the latter period (2008-2014). For the total market economy, the shares in value added of both software and R&D capital increased, while those of hardware decreased, for the whole period. With a few exceptions, this finding also holds for most of the sectors, at least for the latter period (2008-2014). Finally, test results indicate that the complementarity hypothesis between ICT capital and skilled labour is not supported, but that between Intellectual Property Products (IPP), and esp. R&D capital, and highly skilled labour is supported, implying that intangible assets combined with human capital had been playing an increasingly important role in recent economic growth in Norway. Fondé sur une base de données norvégienne KLEMS nouvellement compilée, cet article examine le changement structurel et la productivité dans l’économie marchande de la Norvège continentale pour la période 1997-2014. Les conclusions confirment largement les tendances générales identifiées par de nombreuses autres études. Cependant, des analyses sectorielles détaillées révèlent des différences substantielles au sein des secteurs de production de biens et de services. De plus, une part croissante de la main-d’œuvre qualifiée dans la valeur ajoutée est observée pour l’ensemble de l’économie marchande sur toute la période, ainsi que pour presque tous les secteurs, au moins pour la dernière période (2008-2014). [Download full PDF](https://csls.ca/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/IPM-Issue-36-5-Liu.pdf)