Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Keith Banting Author-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University Author-Name: Andrew Sharpe Author-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Author-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Author-Name: France St-Hilaire Author-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Author-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Title: The Longest Decade: Introduction and Overview Abstract: The 1990s was a long decade in Canada. It was a period of transitions and turbulence, of seismic shifts in the Canadian economy and dramatic changes in many longstanding public programs. It was also a decade in which Canadians' attitudes toward their economic future and their expectations of government seemed to evolve in new and uncharted directions. The decade began with a deep, prolonged recession yet it ended with the return of strong economic growth. The basic structure of the Canadian economy was being reshaped by forces felt around the world, such as trade liberalization, globalization and technological change. The 1990s also saw major changes in public policy. Most importantly, the basic strategy guiding macroeconomic policy shifted dramatically. Monetary authorities adopted price stability as their primary objective, producing restrictive inflation targets and high interest rates compared to many other countries. Fiscal policy was also tightened sharply, as federal and provincial governments moved aggressively to eliminate longstanding deficits, mainly through deep cuts to public expenditures.

The purpose of this introduction is twofold. First, it provides a synthesis of what the editors see as the main themes that emerge from the different chapters, including a discussion of the implications for public policy and second, it provides a detailed overview of the main findings of all chapters in the volume. The chapters are written by leading experts in the field and provide more detailed views of specific dimensions of the economic and social developments of the 1990s. The chapters are organized into four sections dealing with basic concepts, the public view of economic and social trends, changes in key public policies, and the outcomes in terms of the economic, social and environmental record of the 1990s. Classification-JEL: Keywords: Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/01-introduction.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:int Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Lars Osberg Author-Workplace-Name: McCulloch Professor of Economics, Dalhousie University Title: Needs and Wants: What is Social Progress and How Should it be Measured Abstract: In this chapter, Lars Osberg has the daunting task of examining the conceptual issues involved in defining and measuring social progress. As he highlights in his introduction, while much had been made of the fact that Canada in 2000 earned first place in the United Nations' Human Development Index, other indices have produced much less brilliant results. Modern pluralist societies, however, have no common benchmark from which to define the "good" society. As a result, Osberg argues, "social progress" in a liberal society must be measured in the "enabling" sense that a society progresses when it enables more of its citizens to achieve the kind of life they personally value. Some of the empirical difficulties involved in constructing a measure of the attainment of social and economic rights are discussed and several quantitative indices of social progress are examined using the prism of human rights. Classification-JEL: I31, I32, A13 Keywords: Well-being, Wellbeing, Well Being, Social Progress, Social, Societal, Society, Values, Rights, Economic Rights, Social Rights, Human Rights, Index, Indexes, Indices, Indicator, Indicators Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/02-osberg.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:lo Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: John Helliwell Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics at the University of British Columbia Title: Social Capital, the Economy and Well-being Abstract: In this chapter, John Helliwell sets the scene for many of the papers that follow by providing an up-to-date and lucid survey of the literature on the impact of social capital on both the economy or economic performance and well-being. This latter term is closely related to the concept of social progress used in this volume. He begins by defining social capital as the networks and norms that facilitate cooperative activities within groups (bonding social capital) and between groups (bridging social capital). Helliwell documents a number of studies that show that social capital actually saves lives. He surveys the literature on subjective well-being, pointing out that unemployment lowers subjective well-being by more than the usual measure of economic cost and certainly more than inflation. Classification-JEL: Z13, I30 Keywords: Well-being, Wellbeing, Well Being, Social Progress, Social, Societal, Society, Values, Index, Indexes, Indices, Indicator, Indicators, Social Capital, Happiness, Life Satisfaction, Subjective Well-being, Subjective Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/03-helliwell.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:jh Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Frank Graves Author-Workplace-Name: President, Ekos Research Associates Title: The Economy Through Public Lens: Shifting Canadian Views of the Economy Abstract: In this chapter, Frank Graves examines the relationship between what he describes as the "official economy," as portrayed by conventional measures of economic performance, and public perceptions of the state of the economy. He also considers the public's understanding of the relationship between economic and social well-being, and the linkages between the public's perception of economic performance and their attitudes toward the redistributive impact of the State and its broader social role. The analysis in the chapter is based on data from quantitative survey and evidence from qualitative focus group conducted over the past decade. Classification-JEL: A13, H30, H59, I30 Keywords: Well-being, Wellbeing, Well Being, Social Progress, Social, Societal, Society, Values, Social Capital, Subjective Well-being, Subjective, Redistribution, Growth Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/04-graves.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:fg Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Paul Jenkins Author-Workplace-Name: Deputy Governor of the Bank of Canada Author-Name: Brian O'Reilly Author-Workplace-Name: Deputy Chief, Research Department of the Bank of Canada Title: Monetary Policy and the Economic Well-being of Canadians Abstract: In this chapter, Paul Jenkins and Brian O'Reilly survey the monetary policy developments in the 1990s, focusing on links between monetary policy and the economic well-being of Canadians. The Bank of Canada economists do admit that tight monetary policy in the early 1990s hurt growth in the short-term, but they argue that such action was necessary to ratchet down entrenched inflationary expectations. Moreover, they argue that stagnation in the early part of the decade was not simply the result of monetary policy, but also reflected a weak US economy and structural problems in the Canadian economy. Classification-JEL: E52, E63, E31, O51, O40 Keywords: Monetary Policy, Inflation, Inflation Reduction, Inflation Policy, Growth, Recession, Well-being, Wellbeing, Well Being, Canada Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/05-jenkins.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:pjbo Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Pierre Fortin Author-Workplace-Name: Professor of Economics at the Universite du Quebec, Montreal Title: Interest Rates, Unemployment and Inflation in the 1990s: The Canadian Experience Abstract: In this chapter, Pierre Fortin provides a critique of the conduct of Canadian monetary policy in the 1990s, a critique that he developed throughout the decade. While not denying that the US economic slowdown in the early 1990s reduced growth in Canada, Fortin lays the blame for the inferior economic performance of the Canadian economy relative to the U.S. economy squarely on the back of the Bank of Canada, and dismisses structural explanations of the recession as lacking an empirical basis. Classification-JEL: E52, E63, E31, O51, O40 Keywords: Monetary Policy, Inflation, Inflation Reduction, Inflation Policy, Growth, Recession, Well-being, Wellbeing, Well Being, Unemployment, NAIRU, Phillips Curve, Canada Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/06-fortin.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:pf Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Don Drummond Author-Workplace-Name: Chief Economist and Senior Vice-President at the TD Bank Financial Group Title: Deficit Elimination, Economic Performance and Social Progress in Canada in the 1990s Abstract: In this chapter, Don Drummond makes the case that with large deficits there was little room for the Bank of Canada to reduce interest rates to stimulate the economy and generate revenues. It was imperative that the deficit be eliminated. Tax rates were already high so the government had no choice but to cut program spending. Drummond recognizes that the cuts caused hardship for some Canadians, but feels that the suffering was relatively limited and temporary in nature. Drummond argues that the elimination of the deficit has reduced risk premia and allowed the Bank of Canada to bring interest rates down. Classification-JEL: E52, E63, E31, O51, O40 Keywords: Monetary Policy, Inflation, Inflation Reduction, Inflation Policy, Growth, Recession, Well-being, Wellbeing, Well Being, Unemployment, Expenditure, Taxation, Fiscal Policy, Deficit, Canada Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/07-drummond.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:dd Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Jim Stanford Author-Workplace-Name: Economist, Canadian Auto Workers Title:The Economic and Social Consequences of Fiscal Retrenchment in Canada in the 1990s Abstract: In this chapter, Jim Stanford agrees that measures were needed to eliminate the deficit. But he argues that Paul Martin's program spending cuts were larger than necessary and caused real pain in many areas of Canadian life. He shows that a strategy in which program spending was frozen in nominal terms, but not cut, would have produced more growth and employment and still yielded almost the same deficit by 1999 (although slightly higher debt levels) as the program-cutting path actually followed. Classification-JEL: O40, O51, H50, E62, H62 Keywords: Deficit, Debt, Program Spending, Expenditure, Fiscal Policy, Growth, Unemployment, Deficit Reduction, Canada Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/08-stanford.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:js Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Daniel Schwanen Author-Workplace-Name: Scientist at the Institute for Work and Health Title: Trade Liberalization and Inequality in Canada in the 1990s Abstract: In this chapter, Daniel Schwanen addresses the impact of the major trade liberalization efforts undertaken by Canada and its trading partners beginning with the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement (FTA) in 1989. The author focuses in particular on the question of whether liberalized trade could have been a factor behind the emergence of greater inequalities in Canada in the 1990s. The author divides Canadian manufacturing industries into five groups according to their sensitivity to trade liberalization in the 1990s and to the direction taken by exports and imports following the opening of trade. Schwanen concludes from this exercise that more open trade may have contributed to inequalities in Canada, by favoring certain groups already doing relatively well, while being unfavourable to many less-skilled and lesser-paid groups. Classification-JEL: O51, L60, F12, F14, F16, E65, E25, D31 Keywords: Trade, Inequality, Manufacturing, Canada, FTA, NAFTA, Free Trade, Free-trade, Trade Liberalization, Free Trade Agreements, United States, US, U.S. Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/09-schwanen.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:ds Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Ken Battle Author-Workplace-Name: President of the Caledon Institute of Social Policy Title: Relentless Incrementalism: Deconstructing and Reconstructing Canadian Income Security Policy Abstract: One of the most (if not the most) highly charged public debates in this country over the past decade has been about the role of economic imperatives in dismantling the foundations of the welfare state set out in the universalist model adopted in the post-war years. Ken Battle in his chapter is critical of the ongoing public discourse on this issue, which he considers as lacking both in substance and subtlety. He argues that this has led to a polarization of views and produced persistent mythologies which in his estimation have served to insulate government from effective criticism and prevented the occurrence of a truly needed, open and informed public debate on the present and future course of social policy. Battle describes the overall process of reform and developments in social policy in the last two decades as one of "relentless incrementalism" where cumulative, purposeful and patterned change has produced a substantial shift in the structure of the Canadian income security system. He concludes that on the whole the emerging post-welfare state will better serve Canada's evolving social, economic and political needs and sees little cause for continuing nostalgia over the fading universalist welfare state, which in his estimation never worked all that well. Classification-JEL: I30, I38, H53, E64, O51 Keywords: Social Policy, Income Support, Income Security, Economic Security, Welfare State, Welfare System, Social Safet Net, Welfare Policy, Social Security, Canada Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/10-battle.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:kb Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Lars Osberg Author-Workplace-Name: McCulloch Professor of Economics, Dalhousie University Author-Name: Andrew Sharpe Author-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Author-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Title: Trends in Economic Well-being in Canada in the 1990s Abstract: In this chapter, Lars Osberg and Andrew Sharpe provide an overview of trends in a number of dimensions of economic well-being (consumption flows, stocks of wealth, income equality, and economic security) from the lens of the Index of Economic Well-being, a new composite measure of economic well-being developed by the Centre for the Study of Living Standards. Osberg and Sharpe point out that the determinants of the nearly 20 variables that make up the Index are complex. After registering increases in the 1970s and 1980s, the Index declined in absolute terms in the 1990s. Overall, they conclude that there has been a direct link between the deterioration of economic performance in this country in the 1990s and the overall state of economic well-being. Classification-JEL: O57, I31, I32, D31, J24, C43, C82, E21, E22, E24, E26, H54, J64, J65 Keywords: Well-being, Wellbeing, Well Being, Unemployment, Human Capital, Unemployment Insurance, IEWB, ILMW, Inequality, Poverty, Insecurity, Economic Security, Health, Health Expenditure, Single Parent, Single-parent, Family Break-up, Retirement, Old Age, Command Over Resources, Human Capital, Consumption, Household Production, Leisure, Wealth, Capital Stock, Environmental Damage, R&D Stock, Research and Development, R&D, Natural Resources, Unpaid Work, Linear Scaling Technique, Social Indicator, Indicator, Indicators Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/11-osberg.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:aslo Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Andrew Heisz Author-Workplace-Name: Senior Research Economist, Socio-Economic & Business Analysis Branch, Statistics Canada Author-Name: Andrew Jackson Author-Workplace-Name: Director of Research, Canadian Council on Social Development Author-Name: Garnett Picot Author-Workplace-Name: Director-General, Socio-Economic & Business Analysis Branch, Statistics Canada Title: Distributional Outcomes in Canada During the 1990s Abstract: In this chapter, Andrew Heisz, Andrew Jackson and Garnet Picot provide an incisive and comprehensive analysis of the distributional changes that have occurred in Canada in the 1990s as well as useful comparative perspectives both in terms of trends over time and the particular patterns that can be discerned here relative to the situation in the United States. The authors focus on four aspects of distribution outcomes: (1) earnings and income inequality; (2) the relative earnings of the young and old and the more and less educated; (3) the changing relative position of men and women; and (4) changes in low income in Canada during the 1990s. Classification-JEL: E25, D31, D33, O51, O57, J31, I32 Keywords: Inequality, Equality, Earnings, Income, Canada, Distribution, Low Income, Low-income, Wages Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/12-heisz.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:ah Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Miles Corak Author-Workplace-Name: Belzberg Professor, Department of Political Science, University of Toronto Title: Are the Kids All Right? Intergenerational Mobility and Child Well-being in Canada Abstract: In this chapter, Miles Corak provides a useful overview of the state of knowledge on the issue of child poverty and most importantly reveals the complexity of the factors at play and the important gaps in our understanding of the underlying causes and effects. Corak finds that, except for those families who are very well off and able to transfer wealth to their children, the primary way in which families can influence the future economic status of their children is indirectly by investing both financial and non-financial resources in their overall ability to succeed in the labour market. He concludes that it is very difficult to gauge the effectiveness of government policy based on long-term productivity arguments and it may be that the best argument for reducing child poverty and related programs is based on the actual and present benefits provided to the children involved. Classification-JEL: I32, E62, E64, O51 Keywords: Poverty, Low Income, Low-income, Children, Child, Income, Wealth, Employment Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/13-corak.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:mc Template-type: ReDIF-Chapter 1.0 Author-Name: Kathleen Day Author-Workplace-Name: Associate Professor of Economics, University of Ottawa Author-Name: R. Quentin Grafton Author-Workplace-Name: Director, Institute of the Environment and Associate Professor of Economics, University of Ottawa Title: Economic Growth and Environmental Degradation in Canada Abstract: In this chapter, Kathleen Day and R. Quentin Grafton explore the relationship between the economy and the environment. One approach sees economic growth leading to environmental degradation by imposing stresses on limited natural resources and ecosystems and by increasing emissions of pollutants. A second perspective argues the opposite relationship holds. Economic growth, once a certain level is achieved, leads to a cleaner environment as the higher income shifts societal preferences toward a better quality of the environment and at the same time provides the resources to produce such an environment. In addition, it is argued that economic growth is increasingly service-based, decoupling pollution from economic activity. The authors examine the relationship between economic growth and environmental degradation in Canada. The implication of their findings is that economic growth by no means resolves environmental problems. Classification-JEL: O51, Q32, Q53, Q56, O40 Keywords: Growth, Environment, Emissions, Emission, Pollution, Pollutants, Pollutant, Natural Resources, Natural Resource, Non-renewable, Nonrenewable, Renewable Book-Title: The Review of Economic Performance and Social Progress 2001: The Longest Decade: Canada in the 1990s In-Book: RePEc:sls:repsls:rep2001 Provider-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Provider-Email: info@csls.ca Provider-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Provider-Postal: 111 Sparks Street, Ste. 500, Ottawa, ON K1P 5B5 Provider-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Provider-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Provider-Postal: 1470 Peel Street, Suite 200, Montreal, QC H3A 1T1 Editor-Name: Andrew Sharpe, Executive Director Editor-Email: andrew.sharpe@csls.ca Editor-Workplace-Name: Centre for the Study of Living Standards Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.csls.ca/ Editor-Name: France St-Hilaire, Vice-President , Research Editor-Workplace-Name: The Institutute for Research on Public Policy Editor-Workplace-Homepage: http://www.irpp.org/ Editor-Name: Keith Banting, Director Editor-Workplace-Name: School of Public Policy Studies, Queen’s University ISBN: 0-88645-190-6 Volume: 1 Year: 2001 File-URL: http://www.csls.ca/repsp/1/14-day.pdf File-Format: Application/pdf Handle: RePEc:sls:repsls:v:1:y:2001:kdfqg